The invention discloses a novel bionic facetted eye imaging target positioning system, and belongs to a target detection field. The bionic facetted eye imaging target positioning system comprises protect glass, a large aperture facetted eye optical system, a curved surface distributed detector array, a computer neural network signal processing system, a servo control system, an engine control signal processing system, a supporting structure and a shell. The compound eye optical system, as an optical information acquisition system of the system, focuses incident light on the curved surface distributed detection array for imaging; the signal processing system not only pre-treats the optical image information; the signal processing system employs a neural network treatment manner and a computer carries out repeated training on an established target information database, so as to realize rapid identification of a target and outputs the information to the servo control system in a digital signal form; the servo control system treats and analyzes the input digital signal to obtain current relative position information of the target and output the current relative position information of the target to the engine control signal processing system in a feedback signal for; and the engine control signal processing system adjusts a gesture of the system according to the feedback signal to realize precise positioning and tracking. The system is simple and compact in structure and low in cost, and has the characteristics of wide detection scope, high resolution, high identification probability and accurate positioning.