The invention discloses a history-based satellite network data packet compression and transmission method, and relates to the technical field of satellite communication networks. In a bidirectional satellite link, each of a compressor and decompressor in the compression and transmission method maintains a history region and a cache region. The compressor stores an original data packet that is already sent in the cache region, and after receiving a message that the data packet is already received which is fed back from a return link by the decompressor, moves the data packet in the cache region into the history region. The decompressor temporarily stores the received data packet in the cache region, and feeds back a situation of data packet reception to the compressor through the return link; and after obtaining a message that the compressor has updated the history region, the decompressor moves the data packet in the cache region into the history region, thereby achieving synchronization and consistency of data of the history regions of the decompressor and the compressor. Both compression of the data packet by the compressor and decompression of the data packet by the decompressor are based on the data of the respective history regions, and data of the cache regions are not adopted.