The invention discloses a rapid fresh cocoon detection automatic screening and harvesting method based on grid frames. A silkworm cocoon quality automatic screening device comprises a frame containing disc (3) which is used for containing the grid frames (2), frame containing disc conveying tracks (4) and a sorting and harvesting mechanism, the frame containing disc (3) is placed on the frame containing disc conveying tracks (4), the sorting and harvesting mechanism comprises a silkworm cocoon identification mechanism and a silkworm cocoon harvesting mechanism, the silkworm cocoon identification mechanism (10) is used for identifying the category of silkworm cocoons in the grid frames (2) on the frame containing disc (3) according to shapes and colors of the silkworm cocoons and determining positions where the silkworm cocoons of the corresponding category are located, the sorting and harvesting mechanism comprises a first cocoon harvesting mechanism (5) and a second cocoon harvesting mechanism (6) at a minimum, and the first cocoon harvesting mechanism and the second cocoon harvesting mechanism are located at different positions in the transmission direction of the frame containing disc conveying tracks (4). According to the method, the sorting procedure and the harvesting procedure are integrated in one procedure, the automation degree is high, and the sorting and harvesting efficiency is greatly improved.