The invention provides a testing method and a testing device based on a communication protocol. The testing method comprises the steps of generating information which is required by a testing instance according to an input instruction and a preloaded protocol description file; adding the information and basic steps according to a preset instance rule, thereby forming a testing instance file; loading a system configuration file which is set by the testing instance, and simulating an analog protocol entity according to the protocol entity information in the system configuration file; loading and executing the testing instance file, managing the protocol entity, and making the protocol entity finish testing under each communication protocol according to a communication protocol. The testing method and the testing device can perform convenient and high-efficiency testing on a wireless communication system and furthermore have advantages of facilitating maintenance and inspection and reducing cost of consumed labor.