The invention brings forward a compression sensing video encoding and decoding method based on a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). First of all, modeling is performed on a compression sensing video by use of the GMM, based on this, a GMM lossy compression method based on a product quantizer is designed, and a compression sensing video encoder and decoder is brought forward. Time-domain redundancy of the compression sensing video is eliminated by use of a DPCM difference coding technology, data redundancy is further removed by use of algorithm encoding, and output code streams are obtained for storage and transmission. According to the invention, the modeling is carried out on the compression sensing video with a random feature by use of the GMM, and at the same time, the time-domain redundancy of the compression sensing video is eliminated, such that system energy and calculation resources can be reduced, and the compression efficiency is improved. The method provided by the invention can satisfy application environments having energy and calculation complexity restrictions on a video encoding system, such as wireless multimedia sensing networks, space video obtaining, mobile terminal video obtaining and the like.