The invention discloses an image transmission method based on compressed sensing, and the method is used by a transmitting end for transmitting an image to a receiving end. The method comprises the steps that S1, the transmitting end carries out the preprocessing of an original image, and generates a one-dimensional signal of the original image; S2, the transmitting end judges whether the original image is a sparse image or not according to the one-dimensional signal; S3, the transmitting end extracts the main feature information of the one-dimensional signal when the transmitting end judges that the original image is the sparse image; S4, the transmitting end codes the main feature information, generates first information, and transmits the first information to the receiving end; S5, the receiving end receives and analyzes the first information, and obtains the main feature information; S6, the receiving end carries out the reconstruction of the main feature information, and obtains the original image through restoration. The system enables a high-dimensional image signal to be converted into low-dimensional image signals through a conversion matrix, and finally carries out the high-probability reconstruction of a few of low-dimensional image signals through an optimization method to obtain the original signal.