The invention discloses a novel sliding block type bidirectional overrunning clutch. The novel sliding block type bi-directional overrunning clutch comprises an outer ring and sliding blocks. An inner ring support and a driving shifting fork are arranged inside the outer ring and fixed through check rings, close to the two ends, inside the outer ring. The inner ring support is provided with semi-circular groove rolling channels. The working face of each sliding block is arranged in the corresponding semi-circular groove rolling channel and is in contact with the corresponding semi-circular groove rolling channel. Each pair of semi-circular groove rolling channels and the pairs of sliding blocks are configured in opposite directions. The sliding blocks are in series connection through a spring to form an annular shape, and the sliding blocks are arranged in an annular space between an outer ring inner hole rolling channel and the inner ring support. The driving shifting fork is provided with shifting fork protruding claws. Each shifting fork protruding claw is inserted into a space between the corresponding sliding blocks which are arranged in opposite directions. The clutch has the beneficial effects of being reliable in bidirectional self-locking, precise in positioning and stable in operation; no impact or noise is generated in the releasing process; and the clutch is high in transmission efficiency and long in service life. In mechanical transmission, the clutch can be used for preventing reverse rotation bidirectionally; bidirectional rotation of a driving end can drive bidirectional rotation of a driven end; and the purpose of precise positioning or torque transmission or overrunning is achieved.