The invention discloses a hemodialyzer-based cell culture device and belongs to the field of cell culture. The hemodialyzer-based cell culture device comprises a liquid circulating unit and an environment control unit, wherein the liquid circulating unit comprises a main culture bag and an auxiliary culture bag, two ends of the inside of the main culture bag and two ends of the inside of the auxiliary culture bag are connected to form a main circulating loop, two ends of the outside of the auxiliary culture bag and two ends of the outside of a hemodialyzer body are connected to form an auxiliary circulating loop, the main circulating loop is provided with a main circulating pump, and the auxiliary circulating loop is provided with an auxiliary circulating pump. The hemodialyzer-based cell culture device is convenient to operate, accurate in metering, stronger in expansibility and maintainability and capable of facilitating immune cell treatment performed by medical workers.