The invention discloses a method and a device for detecting geometric variation of vector data in a spatial database. The geometric variation of the vector data in the spatial database is acquired by a log analysis method, variation information is extracted by parsing and contrastively analyzing geometric data, and results are classified into three kinds: no variation, spatial displacement variation, and both boundary and spatial displacement variation. According to the method and the device, monitoring on the variation of the vector data can be achieved by only starting log analysis, so that online real-time variation detection can also be achieved, and periodical non-real time detection can also be configured in combination with log backup management; the vector data in a log is parsed according to a storage scheme of the spatial data, so that the method and the device can be adaptive to the spatial databases of different storage modes; different geometric data variation types can be worked out by analyzing according to detection, and spatial data topological relations, related business data logic and database operation behaviors can be audited, thus ensuring security and logic completeness of the database.