The present invention discloses a cluster state-based construction method of stabilizer codes of a theta-shaped structure. According to the construction method, X turning is performed on two quantum bits of which the cluster states are located on the diagonal lines of a theta-shaped grid. Compared with a graph state-based loop chain construction mode, the cluster state-based construction method is improved in the aspect that two more Z turns can be additionally constructed at an edge between two X turns, and thus, the coding utilization efficiency of the quantum bits is improved significantly. The construction method of the stabilizer codes provided by the invention has high expansibility, and a current cluster state can be expanded to a larger cluster state. The same construction mode can be selected to construct a family of stabilizers with identical features. The construction method not only can be applied to a cluster state structure, but also can be generalized in other two-dimensional planar polygonal structures. The construction method can construct quantum error-correcting codes under different symmetries.