The invention provides a rural domestic sewage pretreatment system, belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment and solves the technical problems that sewage is not treated separately, the centralized and mixed treatment effect is not good and the like in existing sewage treatment. The rural domestic sewage pretreatment system is characterized by comprising a filtering device for filtering residues in the sewage, a flow dividing device for separating acidic domestic sewage, alkaline domestic sewage and neutral domestic sewage and an acid and alkali neutralization device for neutralizing the separated acidic domestic sewage and alkaline domestic sewage. The acidic domestic sewage, alkaline domestic sewage and neutral domestic sewage are separated, so that different kinds of domestic sewage are prevented from being mixed, the residues are filtered to prevent further pollution caused by decomposition of the residues, and the difficulty and complexity of sewage treatment are reduced.