The invention provides a grouting parameter automatic monitoring system and a grouting effect detecting method for a weathering argillaceous broken roadway. The grouting parameter automatic monitoring system comprises a grouting pump, grouting anchor rods, a stop-grouting plug, a grouting amount sensor, a pressure sensor, a data collection terminal and an industrial personal computer. A plurality of grouting holes are evenly formed in grouting sections of the grouting anchor rods and communicate with hollow structures. By connecting the industrial personal computer, sensed grouting amount data information and grouting pressure sensing information are uploaded to the industrial personal computer, and a monitoring person obtains grouting data in real time and controls the grouting process. The grouting amount data information and grouting pressure sensing information of each grouting anchor rod are obtained in real time and stored for inquiring and reference. By connecting the industrial personal computer, the sensed grouting amount data information and the grouting pressure sensing information are uploaded to the industrial personal computer, and the monitoring person obtains grouting data in real time and controls the grouting process.