The invention relates to a method for inverting sea wave height and period based on water pressure, comprising: using a water-pressure-type wave height meter to measure underwater pressure intensity to obtain water pressure intensity time-series data; subjecting the water pressure intensity time-series data to Flourier transform to obtain a pressure spectrum; calculating pressure correction coefficient of sea wave by considering linear trend change of water pressure and attenuation of pressure wave in depth under water-layer filtering effect, and correcting the water pressure; inverting sea wave height and period of high temporal-spatial resolution according to spectral moment method or by subjecting the pressure spectrum to Fourier inverse transform and using zero-crossing separable wave method.