The invention relates to a shock-resistant composite shell which comprises a surface layer and a toughening layer. The surface layer is a ceramic layer or a glass layer; the toughening layer is formed by compounding a fiber reinforced material and a base material. A preparation method of the shock-resistant composite shell comprises the steps that a layer of glass powder or ceramic powder is laid on a lower mold, and a surface layer is formed; b, a layer of fiber reinforced material is evenly laid on the surface layer, a plurality of layers of base material powder and fiber reinforced material are alternately laid in sequence, and the toughing layer is formed; c, then the lower mold is covered with an upper mold, and the closed upper mold and lower mold are placed in a hot-press forming machine for hot-press forming. A two-layer laminated structure is adopted for the shock-resistant composite shell, the surface layer is made from pure ceramic or glass materials, the toughening layer is formed by compounding the reinforced fibers with good shock resistance and the base material, the shock-resistant composite shell is prepared through a melt infiltration or heating molding process, and the needs of shells in complex shapes can be met.