The invention discloses an aspheric primary mirror reflection surface adjustment standard calibration method. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, the optical axis of a primary mirror is determined; secondly, the position of the optical axis is calibrated through a theodolite; thirdly, an adjustment standard mirror is established, and the position of the optical axis of the theodolite is transmitted to the adjustment standard mirror. The invention further provides a calibration system. The system comprises an interferometer, a zero compensation device, the theodolite and a mirror frame. A mirror supporting base is arranged on the mirror frame, a standard mirror supporting base is arranged on the back face of the mirror, and a standard lens is arranged on the standard mirror supporting base. According to the method and the system, the position of the optical axis of the primary mirror is recorded by utilizing the theodolite, then the standard is transmitted to the adjustment standard mirror, the adjustment detection standard of the aspheric primary mirror can be accurately and rapidly calibrated, and the problem about coaxial alignment of the aspheric primary mirror in the adjustment detection stage is solved.