The invention relates to an inversion method of the atmospheric refractivity profile. The method comprises the steps that an atmospheric layer is layered; beacon laser is emitted; air sounding equipment vertically ascends to the sounding height of each atmospheric sub layer; the deflection angle of a reflector when the reflector in the air sounding equipment intercepts and captures the beacon laser and returns the beacon laser to a laser receiver, and the received light intensity is maximum is measured; the geocentric angle of the reflector in each atmospheric sub layer and the incidence angle of the beacon laser in each atmospheric sub layer are calculated; the total refraction angle of each atmospheric sub layer and the gradient of the atmospheric refractivity along with the height change are calculated; a drawing is made by using the height as the X axis, the atmospheric refractivity as the Y axis, the atmospheric refractivity of each atmospheric sub layer as a starting point and the gradient of the atmospheric refractivity along with the height change as the slope at each section; the atmospheric refractivity profile is obtained. The inversion method disclosed by the method has the advantages that the atmospheric refractivity profile can be reversed in real time on the spot; technical support and theoretical support are provided for laser application to various engineering fields of satellite high-precision orbit determination, space high-precision measurement and the like which use precise phase information as a basis.