The invention discloses a precise fertilization control device for a rice transplanter and a rice transplanter. A memory module is arranged in a main control unit; and a fertilization control program is saved in the memory module and comprises a row spacing, the maximum transplanting rate R1 corresponding to the row spacing, a fertilization motor rotational rate R2 corresponding to the maximum transplanting rate R1, and the fertilizing amount A (kg/mu) corresponding to the maximum transplanting rate R1. If the actual fertilization amount a and the row spacing are set in a display control unit, the theoretical rotational rate r2 of a fertilization motor is r2 when the actual transplanting rate actually detected by the main control unit is r1, and the main control unit calculates to obtain the theoretical rotational rate r2 of the fertilization motor according to r2=(R2*a*r1)/(A*R1). Precise fertilization control can be realized.