The invention discloses a high-speed asynchronous motor electric spindle internal and external cooling structure and temperature cooperative control system. A mouse cage type cooling flow channel is machined in an electric spindle core, and a high-speed rotating joint is connected with the back end face of the electric spindle core in a fastening manner in order to achieve input and output of a cooling medium in the cooling channel; meanwhile, an annular cooling flow channel is machined around a motor stator in an electric spindle shell, an annular cooling flow channel is machined around a front bearing in a front bearing pedestal, an annular cooling flow channel is machined around a back bearing in a back bearing pedestal, and the annular cooling flow channels are connected in series and communicate with the outside through the shell. A forced circulation cooling system is formed by the internal and external cooling structure, the temperature and the flow of cooling liquid in the internal and external channels are adjusted by the temperature cooperative control system according to temperature feedback of key points, and circular and efficient cooling of an electric spindle system is achieved under the variable working condition. According to the high-speed asynchronous motor electric spindle internal and external cooling structure and temperature cooperative control system, direct and efficient cooperative forced circulation cooling on high-speed asynchronous motor electric spindle main heating parts such as the motor stator, a motor rotor, the front bearing and the back bearing can be achieved, thermal deformation of an electric spindle is reduced, and the thermal stability of the electric spindle is improved.