The invention discloses a magnetic levitation train relative positioning sensor signal processing method and device. The method includes the following steps that S100, a real-time original output signal, disturbed by a joint, of a relative positioning sensor is obtained as a to-be-processed input signal; S200, the input signal is processed through a slip form differentiator, and a tracking signaland a differential signal of the input signal are obtained; and S300, a magnetic pole phase angle signal used for magnetic levitation train motor traction is generated through the tracking signal andthe differential signal of the processed input signal. The method and device have the beneficial effects that distorted signal processing capacity is high, the tracking accuracy is high, the processing speed is high, the calculated amount is small, and the occupied storage space is small. The signal generated when a magnetic levitation train passes a stator rail especially the relative positioningsensor on the portion of the rail joint is processed so that accurate position information of the magnetic levitation train can be supplied to a magnetic levitation train traction system to guide andguarantee safety operation of the magnetic levitation train.