The invention discloses a thermoelectric power generation system and a gas stove. The thermoelectric power generation system is used for generating power using heat generated by heat-generating equipment, and consists at least of a primary thermoelectric power generation device and a secondary thermoelectric power generation device. The heat generated by the heat-generating equipment is supplied to a hot-end side of the primary thermoelectric power generation device. The thermoelectric power generation system also includes a heat transfer structure separately connected to the primary thermoelectric power generation device and the secondary thermoelectric power generation device. The heat transfer structure is used for supplying heat absorbed by a cold-end side of the primary thermoelectricpower generation device to a hot-end side of the secondary thermoelectric power generation device. The thermoelectric power generation system provided by the invention consists at least of the primary thermoelectric power generation device and the secondary thermoelectric power generation device, and transfers the heat absorbed by the cold-end side of the primary thermoelectric power generation device to the hot-end side of the secondary thermoelectric power generation device through the heat transfer structure for utilization, so as to achieve multi-level energy use, reduce energy waste andincrease power generation efficiency.