The invention relates to a split expanding and shrinking transmission line cleaning device, and belongs to the field of cleaning and maintenance devices for power transmission lines. Drive parts are disposed at both ends of a housing and the cleaning device is disposed inside the housing, so that the working method of the invention is to "swallow" nodule-like foreign matters to be removed inside and removing the matters by means of a cleaning part. The driving parts symmetrically arranged at the both ends of the housing play a positioning role to limit the shaking of the device and avoid the problem that a cable is scratched due to the shaking of the cleaning part, and the safe operation of the transmission cable is ensured.