The invention discloses a method for synthesizing an adsorption material from fine coal gasification slag. The method comprises the following steps: 1, taking a proper amount of the fine coal gasification slag, and adding water to prepare a fine coal gasification slag slurry with the solid content of 10-30 wt%; 2, fully stirring the slurry prepared in step 1, and performing gravity cyclone separation to obtain a carbon-rich composite slurry, wherein the carbon content of the solid phase of the carbon-rich composite slurry reaches 60 wt% or above; 3, carrying out wet ball milling on the carbon-rich composite slurry, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation and drying to obtain carbon-rich composite powder; and 4, activating the carbon-rich composite powder by a water vapor activation technology at 700-800 DEG C for 10-60 min to obtain the adsorption material. The invention also discloses the adsorption material prepared through the method. The method for preparing the adsorption material realizes the high-added value recycling of carbon components in the fine coal gasification slag, and the prepared adsorption material has polar and non-polar adsorption effectiveness.