The invention discloses a pipeline descaling device. The pipeline descaling device comprises a base, a longitudinal pressing device and a transverse traction device, wherein a lower pressing plate isarranged on the base in a sliding mode, support side plates are arranged on both sides of the base, a top beam is connected to the upper ends of the two support side plates, and an upper pressing plate is arranged between the top beam and the base; the longitudinal pressing device is assembled on the top beam, and the lower end of the longitudinal pressing device is connected to the upper pressingplate; and the transverse traction device is assembled on one support side plate, and the end of the transverse traction device is connected to one end of the lower pressing plate. The pipeline descaling device has the advantages of simple structure, easiness in operation, time saving and labor saving and is difficult to damage by the counter-acting force of extrusion during use; pressure is applied to a pipeline by the longitudinal pressing device, and the pipeline is driven to roll from left to right by the transverse traction device, so that the pipeline is slightly deformed, and a scale layer in the pipeline falls off along with the deformation of the pipeline.