The invention provides a fault recognition method and device based on earthquake data of sensitive orientation. The method comprises that a fault growth distribution direction of a research area is determined; the earthquake data of the research area is divided into n data groups according to azimuths, n represents an even number, the data groups are superposed pairwise along the same direction, and new earthquake data volumes are obtained; coherent slices along target layers of the new data volumes are obtained; according to the fault growth distribution direction and the slices, a new earthquake data volume sensitive to fault imaging is determined; profile fracture interpretation is made for the new earthquake data volume sensitive to fault imaging, and corresponding slices are fit in plan profiles according to an interpretation result; and the fit slices are integrated so that faults recognized in different sensitive directions are displayed in one slice, plane combination is carried out on a target layer fault according to contact relation among faults, and the target layer fault is obtained. Thus, the accuracy in fault recognition of complex areas can be improved.