The invention discloses an angle measurement signal processing method of a single-loop absolute coding-type electronic theodolite. The method employs a pulse intersection point method, two sampling points at a left edge and a right edge of the pulse are marked to rapidly estimate a width of the pulse and a center coordinate position of the pulse, a least-square line regression method is used on the pulse center to rapidly and accurately estimate a segmentation value, and a binary method is used for rapidly positioning a crude code position; and a system eccentric error can be effectively eliminated by a fusion method through weighted averaging on two reading head process results. The angle measurement signal processing method can realize crude code positioning and segmentation estimation in a signal processing algorithm, computation is little, and the method is in favor of reducing cost.