The invention discloses a dexterous hand of a robot and a material detection and recognition system. The material detection and recognition system comprises a plurality of collection nodes and a dataterminal processor, wherein the data terminal processor is connected with the collection nodes, and each collection node comprises a material recognition sensor node, a signal processing circuit and awireless transmission node which are connected in sequence. The dexterous hand of the robot comprises the material detection and recognition system; a first polar plate and a second polar plate of atleast one material recognition sensor node are respectively installed on two fingers of the dexterous hand of the robot, and the first polar plate is opposite to the second polar plate in parallel when an object is clamped by the two fingers; and when the dexterous hand of the robot is close to a to-be-detected object until an electrical signal of a dielectric constant sensor is not changed, theto-be-detected object is contacted so as to obtain a dielectric constant, and then pressurization is performed so as to measure elasticity modulus. The dexterous hand of the robot and the material detection and recognition system have the advantages of low cost, small size, simplicity in wiring, stability and reliability, and materials can be quickly and accurately detected and recognized.