An oxygen-enriched combustion dual-chamber boiler system, comprising a boiler body (01) and a combustion control system; the inside of the boiler body (01) comprises a combustion chamber (02) for fuel to perform oxygen-enriched combustion to generate high-temperature flue gas and a heat exchange chamber (03) for heat exchanging the high-temperature flue gas; the heat exchange chamber (03) is provided above the combustion chamber (02), and a high-temperature flue gas port (10) is provided between the combustion chamber (02) and the heat exchange chamber (03); with the use of pure oxygen combustion, the combustion chamber (02) can satisfy the high-temperature-resistance requirement for the pure oxygen combustion, and the heat exchange chamber (03) can realize efficient heat exchange in a boiler.