The invention discloses a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle-borne imaging spectrometer real-time calibration system. The system includes an optical fiber transmission system, a real-time calibrationsystem, and a ground object test system; the optical fiber transmission system is connected with the real-time calibration system and is used for supplying sunlight for the real-time calibration system; the real-time calibration system is connected with an imaging spectrometer and is used for introducing the sunlight transmitted from the optical fiber transmission system into the imaging spectrometer for spectrometer radiation calibration; the ground object test system includes a secondary imaging lens group and a ground object imaging lens, wherein the secondary imaging lens group is locatedabove the ground object imaging lens; and the ground object test system is applied to the real-time calibration system and is used for imaging a to-be-tested ground object through the ground object imaging lens and collecting an imaged image to the spectrometer through the secondary imaging lens group so that the spectrometer can perform image and spectral analysis. With the multi-rotor unmannedaerial vehicle-borne imaging spectrometer real-time calibration system of the invention adopted, the calibration time interval of the unmanned aerial vehicle imaging spectrometer can be shortened according to the real-time calibration work of the imaging spectrometer. The calibration system has high real-time performance and a relatively improved system.