The invention discloses a sanitation operation vehicle based on road surface cleanliness detection. The sanitation operation vehicle includes a water spraying mechanism, a garbage collection mechanism, a controller, a speed detection sensor, a water tank water level sensor, and a garbage bin capacity sensor; the speed detection sensor, the water tank water level sensor and the garbage bin capacitysensor are all connected with the controller; the water spraying mechanism and the garbage collection mechanism are controlled by the controller; the controller is also connected with a positioning module; the controller calculates the travel distance delta s of the sanitation operation vehicle at the latest time period delta t based on the positioning module and calculates the increment delta Vof the garbage bin capacity within the unit distance based on the garbage bin capacity sensor; the average garbage collection quantity gamma2 for the operated unit kilometers is calculated according to the formula of gamma2 = delta V / delta s; and the rotating speed n of a cleaning motor is controlled based on gamma2. The sanitation operation vehicle based on the road surface cleanliness detection is easy to implement and can realize intelligent water filling and dumping of garbage.