The invention provides an attapulgite composite adsorption material, which is prepared from acidized attapulgite, chitosan and titanium dioxide, wherein the chitosan and the titanium dioxide are loaded on the acidized attapulgite, and a mass ratio of the chitosan to the acidized attapulgite is 1 : (50 to 200). According to the attapulgite composite adsorption material disclosed by the invention, the TiO2 and CTS are loaded to the attapulgite carrier with a high specific surface area; the attapulgite is utilized as the carrier, so that the agglomeration phenomenon of the TiO2 is effectively avoided; furthermore, chitosan loading can provide more attachement sites for the TiO2, and particles can be more dispersive and evener. A modified appatulgite structure is converted into a porous shapefrom a lamellar shape, so that the specific surface area is enlarged, the amounts of amino and hydroxyl on the surface are increased, and adsorption performance of the appatulgite is enhanced. Experiment results show that the attapulgite composite adsorption material disclosed by the invention has an effect on common pollutants of humic acid, congo red and Cr(VI) in water treatment, and a removalrate is 90% stably. The invention further provides a preparation method of the attapulgite composite material.