The embodiment of the invention discloses a formation quality factor determination method, device and system. The method comprises the steps that spectral analysis is performed on the intrinsic attenuation seismic data so as to acquire the seismic wave amplitude spectrum; the amplitude spectrum ratio log function is calculated according to the extracted seismic wave amplitude spectrum before and after attenuation; the generalized spectral ratio function is constructed according to the amplitude spectrum ratio log function, including the steps that the amplitude spectrum ratio log function is discretized, and a weight factor is added to the discretized amplitude spectrum ratio log function so as to acquire the generalized spectral ratio function, wherein the weight factor includes the discretized seismic wave amplitude spectrum; and the formation quality factor is determined according to the generalized spectral ratio function. With application of the formation quality factor determination method, device and system, the accuracy of formation quality factor determination can be enhanced.