The invention discloses a test device for rapidly testing soil strength and permeability coefficient by simulating a freeze-thaw cycle, and relates to the technical field of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. The test device comprises a box body and a sample box, wherein the sample box is arranged inside the box body; and the test device further comprises a measurement system used for measuring various physical and mechanical parameters of soil, a freeze-thaw cycle system used for providing temperature control for a freeze-thaw process of a soil sample, and a displacement control system used for horizontal and vertical precise movement of each sensor. The test device has the benefits that a micro-static probe can measure the penetration resistance of a soil taper tip, and a crossshear plate can measure the undrained shear strength and shear modulus of the soil sample; and by analyzing the relationship between the undrained shear strength and the shear modulus of a specific soft soil sample through tests, the most simple and feasible solution for calculating the shear strength of the on-site soil by a static penetration test can be provided.