The invention discloses a self-rescue system of an underwater vehicle, including life-saving airbags, A life-saving air bag is arrange in a life-saving compartment on that inner side and/or the outside of the hull side panel, and the life-saving cabin is isolated from the interior of the cabin, A lifesaving air bag is connected with a plurality of connecting rod arranged in that lifesaving compartment and hinged with each other in a folded shape, one end of the first of the plurality of connecting rods is hinged to the cabin of the life-saving cabin, the other end of the first connecting rod is hinged with the one end of the second connecting rod, one end of the last connecting rod of the plurality of connecting rods is fixedly connected with the outer edge of the air bag, the other connecting rods are connected with the air bag through a rope, and the life-saving cabin is provided with a life-saving cabin door on the side plate of the ship; In the lifesaving state, the door of the lifesaving cabin is opened by a controller arranged on the ship hull, and the air pump is controlled to inflate the lifesaving air bag, and the inflated air bag protrudes out of the ship hull together with a plurality of connecting rods. The self-rescue system of the underwater vehicle has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient use, good lifesaving effect and avoidance of ship silence.