The invention discloses a particulate charge quantity detection device and detection method. The particulate charge quantity detection device comprises an air intake end, a particulate particle size detection module and a charge analyzer, wherein a humidity sensing detection module, a temperature sensing detection module and the particulate particle size detection module are used for transmittingcollected information to the charge analyzer to analyze, and an adjustable direct current power supply is used for sending the real-time data to the charge analyzer; the charge analyzer is used for outputting the particulate charge quantity information at different humidity and temperatures according to the collected humidity, temperature and particle size information. The particulate charge quantity detection device has the advantages that the modularizing effect is realized, the mutual interference between the modules is avoided, and the universality is better; particulate particle size spectrometers are arranged at an air intake detection structure and an air exhaust detection structure of the particulate particle size detection module, and are used for detecting the particulates entering the detection device, so as to conveniently compare the data; the scheme is reasonable, the structure is simple, the implementation is easy, and the detection device can be applied to detect the charge properties of particulates under natural atmosphere environments, industrial production environments or special environments.