The invention discloses a multi-modal biomechanical microscope and a measuring method based thereon. The multi-modal biomechanical microscope comprises a transmission light source, a photonic crystalhydrogel film, an objective table, a reflection light source and an imaging component which are arranged in order from top to bottom; the photonic crystal hydrogel film is arranged on the objective table and maintain a suspended state to allow the transmission light to penetrate the film to reach the imaging component, and the reflection light is reflected by the film to reach the imaging component; when a cell to be measured is put on the photonic crystal hydrogel film, the photonic crystal hydrogel film supporting the cell to be measured is deformed to allow the direction of the reflection light on the photonic crystal hydrogel film to be changed, the imaging component collects the reflection light and the transmission light for imaging to obtain a shadow image showing the cell traction.The multi-modal biomechanical microscope and the measuring method based thereon can perform real-time measurement for the cell traction so as to achieve multi-modal imaging of traditional image information and mechanical information.