The invention relates to a locomotive video file and operation record file automatic synchronization method and device, and the method comprises the steps: firstly, selecting a section of locomotive operation record file, and judging the occurrence time and duration of the operation state of a locomotive according to the locomotive speed information in the operation record file; secondly, acquiring an image in the locomotive video file, and judging the running state and duration of the locomotive according to the pixel value of the differential image and a set threshold value; and then, through one-by-one matching and comparison, finding out the running state and duration of the locomotive matched with the running record file in the locomotive video file, thereby realizing the synchronization of the locomotive video file and the running record file. Extra hardware equipment is not needed, synchronization of the locomotive video file and the operation record file can be achieved only through existing equipment installed on the locomotive, on the basis that the economic cost is not increased, the synchronization efficiency is high, and industrialization is convenient to achieve.