The invention discloses a method and device for testing content distribution of moisture in an aggregate surface layer. The method comprises the following steps of obtaining a plurality of aggregatesto be tested with the same material but different moisture contents, and detecting and identifying all the constituent components of the aggregate surface layer to obtain a plurality of components ofthe surface layer; obtaining a plurality of material sets to be tested, and performing spectral detection on each of the material set to be tested to obtain the hyperspectral images of the respectivepixels of the same material at different moisture contents and further obtain the hyperspectral images of the respective pixels of respective components of the surface layer at different moisture contents; performing spectral detection on the aggregate surface layer of each aggregate to be tested to obtain hyperspectral images of the respective pixels of the aggregate surface layer of the aggregates to be tested at different moisture contents; and performing matching to obtain the moisture contents of each surface layer component of the aggregate surface layer of the aggregates to be tested atdifferent moisture contents. By carrying out the embodiments of the invention, it is possible to quantitatively detect the content distribution of different components of moisture in the aggregate surface layer.