The invention relates to the technical field of bolt detection, in particular to a bolt cylinder surface guided wave detection system. The bolt cylinder surface guided wave detection system comprisesan operating floor and a guided wave instrument main body; two sets of sliding mechanisms are disposed between the two sides of the lower end of the guided wave instrument main body and one side of the upper end of the operating floor; a phase probe is fixedly mounted on one side of the guided wave instrument main body; a stepping motor is placed in a motor slot; the output shaft of the stepping motor extends above the outer side of the motor slot; a plurality of shaft seats are uniformly mounted on one side of the upper end of the operating floor; a rotating shaft is arranged in each shaft seat; a transmission mechanism is disposed between the plurality of rotating shafts and the tail end of the output shaft of the stepping motor; and the upper ends of the rotating shaft are provided witha buckling mechanism. The bolt cylinder surface guided wave detection system adopts ultrasonic method to detect the cylinder surface of the bolt, and can detect a plurality of bolts in a short time;therefore, the detection accuracy is effectively improved, the detection speed of the bolt is improved, and the workload of the operator is reduced.