The invention relates to a two-way secure communication system with polarization rotation and phase and intensity chaos. The two-way secure communication system comprises a first end and a second endwhich are in two-way communication; the first end comprises a reflector, a phase modulator, a polarization beam splitter, a half-wave plate, a vertical surface laser, a first beam splitter, a circulator, a phase modulator, a second beam splitter and a circulator which are sequentially connected; the polarization beam splitter is also connected to the phase modulator through a photoelectric detector and an amplifier in sequence; the first beam splitter is also respectively connected with the other two photoelectric detectors; the second beam splitter is also connected to another phase modulatorthrough an interferometer, a fourth photoelectric detector and a second amplifier in sequence for phase modulation; the second end and the first end have the same structure, and the first end and thesecond end are connected through the half-wave plate. The intensity chaos of optical signals is enhanced through photoelectric feedback, the polarization direction of the optical signals is rotated through the half-wave plate, the complexity of signal transmission is improved, and the confidentiality of chaos bidirectional communication is improved.