The invention discloses a quantum access network architecture and method based on a multi-core optical fiber. The architecture is suitable for a multi-user and high-capacity next generation access network. The feeder optical fiber is a multi-core optical fiber, and the lead-in optical fiber is a single-core single-mode optical fiber. Quantum signals and classical signals are transmitted in the multi-core optical fiber and the single-core single-mode optical fiber in a co-fiber mode, and spontaneous Raman scattering noise and inter-core crosstalk noise are main noise interference of a quantum channel in a co-fiber transmission quantum access network. The invention provides a fiber core and wavelength distribution method, which effectively reduces the noise interference of a classic signal on a quantum channel. The invention provides a quantum signal wave-time division multiplexing method which is suitable for an access network with a large number of quantum users. The access network architecture provided by the invention can support the access of a large number of quantum users, and can promote the development of quantum key distribution to the practical direction.