The invention discloses a windproof and antiskid structure of a 500KV power transmission line high-altitude line patrol robot. The windproof and antiskid structure comprises a moment balance assemblyfixed to the inner side of a housing assembly, a windproof assembly arranged on the outer side of the housing assembly, and an anti-skid assembly arranged on a walking device. The windproof assembly comprises a wind shield and a windproof cover. The middle of the windproof cover is a regular curved surface body which has a hyperbolic curve cross section and has two large ends and a concave middle,and the two sides of the windproof cover are spherical bodies and are smoothly connected with the middle. The moment balance assembly is arranged on the wind shield and comprises a balance fulcrum and a balance rod. According to the invention, the high-altitude line patrol robot can be protected from wind and rain and prevented from being exposed to sunlight and affected by environment sundries during line patrol, a movable assembly and a sensor for detection can be protected, all-weather stable and reliable work can also be achieved in a severe environment where a power transmission line isextremely prone to damage due to fierce wind and freezing, and merits are established for discovering, positioning and solving faults, defects and hidden dangers of the power transmission line in time.