A light-emitting device comprises a layered structure between a first layer and a second layer. The first layer has a refractive index n1 for first light having a wavelength λa in air. The second layer has a refractive index n2 for the first light. The layered structure comprises: a photoluminescent layer having a first surface facing the first layer and a second surface facing the second layer; and a surface structure disposed on at least one selected from the group consisting of the first surface and the second surface of the photoluminescent layer. The refractive index n1 and the refractive index n2 are lower than a refractive index nwav-a of the photoluminescent layer for the first light. The layered structure has an effective thickness to more strongly emit TE polarized light than TM polarized light.