This document provides methods and materials for treating patients following an assessment of immune subtypes such as an assessment of peripheral blood phenotypes. For example, methods and materials for treating a mammal having a medical condition after assessing a mammal's level of CD14+/DR− cells (e.g., CD14+/DR− monocytes) and level of CD4+ cells (e.g., CD4+ T cells) and classifying the mammal has being likely to experience a favorable or unfavorable medical outcome based at least in part on the mammal's level of CD14+/DR− cells and level of CD4+ cells are provided.