The present invention relates to a novel use of an Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge extract, and the like, and a Rhizoma Coptidis extract, and the like, and specifically, provides a composition for preventing, relieving, or treating colitis, including, as active ingredients: one or more selected from the Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge extract, a C3 to C8-alcohol-soluble fraction of the Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge extract, mangiferin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of mangiferin, neomangiferin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of neomangiferin; and one or more selected from a Rhizoma Coptidis extract and a C3 to C8-alcohol-soluble fraction of the Rhizoma Coptidis extract.