An Internet of things (IoT) device random access method based on a massive MIMO technology is disclosed, and a cellular IoT communication system using the random access method is also disclosed. In the method, multiples users access a base station by using the same preamble sequence, the users accessing the base station in different beams respectively. By use of narrow beam characteristics of a massive MIMO technology, users in different beams can use the same preamble sequence for random access, thus greatly reducing collision probability of the random access and greatly increasing the number of users of random access, and congestion and collision problems during random access of a great number of users in the cellular IoT communication system can be effectively solved.