Embodiments of the present invention may provide the capability to personalize end devices over-the-air (OTA) without the involvement of device manufacturers, for example, in a federated large scale wireless IoT network, such as LoRaWAN. Preset with factory settings, end devices may securely connect to the network before they are finally personalized for their target service. Security sensitive personalization information may only be exchanged between device and service provider. The process may require relatively little effort by the network operator and end customers, may lower personalization costs, and may provide a security model that is attractive for a wide range of IoT applications.