Various embodiments include a sample storage system having: a transport module; a storage module coupled with the transport module on at least one side of the transport module, the storage module for storing a plurality of specimen tubes or microtiter plates; a tube selector module coupled to an end of the transport module for selecting at least one of the plurality of specimen tubes or microtiter plates; and an input/output (I/O) module coupled with the transport module on a side of the transport module, wherein the transport module is configured to modularly couple with at least one additional storage module for storing a plurality of specimen tubes or microtiter plates.