Power connectors with integrated fuse support, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative power connector can include a power port and a mating plug. The power port can include a fuse support having first and second fuse receptacles, wherein the first fuse receptacle is connectable to a first supply cable. The power port can include first and second port terminals, wherein the first port terminal is connectable to a second supply cable. A jumper cable can be connected between the second port terminal and the second fuse receptacle. The plug can include a housing configured to enclose the fuse support between the plug and the power port when the plug is mated to the power port. The plug can include first and second plug terminals mateable with the first and second port terminals.