Provided is a metamaterial-based polarization converter in which a reception antenna and a transmission antenna are formed by using a metamaterial, to thus emit an incident non-polarized or polarized electromagnetic wave in an angle-converted polarization direction. The metamaterial-based electromagnetic wave polarization converter includes: a reception antenna made of a metamaterial and allowing incident electromagnetic waves to resonate at a surface of the reception antenna to generate a surface current; a transmission antenna at a rear side of the reception antenna, and made of an angle-converted metamaterial to thus allow the electromagnetic waves transferred from the reception antenna to resonate to then be emitted in a polarization direction; and a connector made of a conductive material that connects the reception antenna and the transmission antenna, to thereby transfer a surface current generated from the reception antenna to the transmission antenna.