An asynchronous instruction execution apparatus and method are provided. The asynchronous instruction execution apparatus includes a vector execution unit control VXUC module and n vector execution unit data VXUD modules, where n is a positive integer. The VXUC module is configured to perform instruction decoding and token management. The n VXUD modules are cascaded, separately connected to the VXUC module, and configured to invoke an external calculation resource to perform data calculation. A bit width of data processed by the asynchronous instruction execution apparatus is M, a bit width of each VXUD module is N, and n=M/N. The asynchronous instruction execution apparatus is divided into two parts: the VXUC and the VXUD.